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<title>Reflection (physics)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reflection (physics)</span></span>

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<p><b>Reflection</b> is the change in direction of a <a href="Wavefront" title="Wavefront">wavefront</a> at an <a href="Interface_(matter)" title="Interface (matter)">interface</a> between two different <a href="Medium_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium (optics)">media</a> so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a>, <a href="Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> and <a href="Water_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wave">water waves</a>. The <i>law of reflection</i> says that for <a href="Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a> (for example at a <a href="Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>) the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

</p><p>In <a href="Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>, reflection causes <a href="Echo_(phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (phenomenon)">echoes</a> and is used in <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. In geology, it is important in the study of <a href="Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a>. Reflection is observed with <a href="Surface_wave" title="Surface wave">surface waves</a> in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of <a href="Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic wave</a>, besides <a href="Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. Reflection of <a href="Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> and higher frequencies is important for <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> transmission and for <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. Even <a href="Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">hard X-rays</a> and <a href="Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflection_of_light">Reflection of light</h2></div>

<p>Reflection of light is either <i><a href="Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular</a></i> (mirror-like) or <i><a href="Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse</a></i> (retaining the <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface. In specular reflection the <a href="Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of the reflected waves depends on the choice of the origin of coordinates, but the relative phase between s and p (TE and TM) polarizations is fixed by the properties of the media and of the interface between them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A mirror provides the most common model for specular light reflection, and typically consists of a glass sheet with a metallic coating where the significant reflection occurs. Reflection is enhanced in metals by suppression of wave propagation beyond their <a href="Skin_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin depth">skin depths</a>. Reflection also occurs at the surface of <a href="Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> media, such as water or <a href="Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>.

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<p>In the diagram, a <a href="Light_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Light ray">light ray</a> <b>PO</b> strikes a vertical mirror at point <b>O</b>, and the reflected ray is <b>OQ</b>. By projecting an imaginary line through point <b>O</b> perpendicular to the mirror, known as the <i><a href="Normal_(geometry)" title="Normal (geometry)">normal</a></i>, we can measure the <i><a href="Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a></i>, <i>θ</i><sub>i</sub> and the <i>angle of reflection</i>, <i>θ</i><sub>r</sub>. The <i>law of reflection</i> states that <i>θ</i><sub>i</sub> = <i>θ</i><sub>r</sub>, or in other words, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

</p><p>In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given <a href="Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> into a medium with a different refractive index. In the most general case, a certain fraction of the light is reflected from the interface, and the remainder is <a href="Refraction" title="Refraction">refracted</a>. Solving <a href="Maxwell's_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> for a light ray striking a boundary allows the derivation of the <a href="Fresnel_equations" title="Fresnel equations">Fresnel equations</a>, which can be used to predict how much of the light is reflected, and how much is refracted in a given situation. This is analogous to the way <a href="Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance mismatch</a> in an electric circuit causes reflection of signals. <a href="Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">Total internal reflection</a> of light from a denser medium occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the <a href="Snell's_law" title="Snell's law">critical angle</a>.

</p><p>Total internal reflection is used as a means of focusing waves that cannot effectively be reflected by common means. <a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescopes</a> are constructed by creating a converging "tunnel" for the waves. As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus). A conventional reflector would be useless as the X-rays would simply pass through the intended reflector.

</p><p>When light reflects off a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it <a href="Reflection_phase_change" title="Reflection phase change">undergoes a 180° phase shift</a>. In contrast, when light reflects off a material with lower refractive index the reflected light is <a href="In_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="In phase">in phase</a> with the incident light. This is an important principle in the field of <a href="Thin-film_optics" title="Thin-film optics">thin-film optics</a>.

</p><p>Specular reflection forms <a href="Image" title="Image">images</a>. Reflection from a flat surface forms a <a href="Mirror_image" title="Mirror image">mirror image</a>, which appears to be reversed from left to right because we compare the image we see to what we would see if we were rotated into the position of the image. Specular reflection at a curved surface forms an image which may be <a href="Magnification" title="Magnification">magnified</a> or demagnified; <a href="Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">curved mirrors</a> have <a href="Optical_power" title="Optical power">optical power</a>. Such mirrors may have surfaces that are <a href="Sphere" title="Sphere">spherical</a> or <a href="Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_of_reflection">Laws of reflection</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">Specular reflection</a></div>

<p>If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that occurs is called specular or regular reflection. The laws of reflection are as follows:

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<ol><li>The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflection surface at the point of the incidence lie in the same <a href="Plane_of_incidence" title="Plane of incidence">plane</a>.</li>

<li>The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is equal to the angle which the reflected ray makes to the same normal.</li>

<li>The reflected ray and the incident ray are on the opposite sides of the normal.</li></ol>

<p>These three laws can all be derived from the <a href="Fresnel_equations" title="Fresnel equations">Fresnel equations</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h4></div>

<p>In <a href="Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">classical electrodynamics</a>, light is considered as an electromagnetic wave, which is described by <a href="Maxwell's_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>. Light waves incident on a material induce small oscillations of <a href="Dielectric_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric polarization">polarisation</a> in the individual atoms (or oscillation of electrons, in metals), causing each particle to radiate a small secondary wave in all directions, like a <a href="Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole antenna</a>. All these waves add up to give specular reflection and refraction, according to the <a href="Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_principle" title="Huygens–Fresnel principle">Huygens–Fresnel principle</a>.

</p><p>In the case of dielectrics such as glass, the electric field of the light acts on the electrons in the material, and the moving electrons generate fields and become new radiators. The refracted light in the glass is the combination of the forward radiation of the electrons and the incident light. The reflected light is the combination of the backward radiation of all of the electrons.

</p><p>In metals, electrons with no binding energy are called free electrons. When these electrons oscillate with the incident light, the phase difference between their radiation field and the incident field is π (180°), so the forward radiation cancels the incident light, and backward radiation is just the reflected light.

</p><p>Light–matter interaction in terms of photons is a topic of <a href="Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a>, and is described in detail by <a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> in his popular book <i><a href="QED_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="QED (book)">QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffuse_reflection">Diffuse reflection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">Diffuse reflection</a></div>

<p>When light strikes the surface of a (non-metallic) material it bounces off in all directions due to multiple reflections by the microscopic irregularities <i>inside</i> the material (e.g. the <a href="Grain_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain boundaries">grain boundaries</a> of a <a href="Polycrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycrystalline">polycrystalline</a> material, or the <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> or <a href="Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> boundaries of an organic material) and by its surface, if it is rough. Thus, an 'image' is not formed. This is called <i><a href="Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse reflection</a></i>. The exact form of the reflection depends on the structure of the material. One common model for diffuse reflection is <a href="Lambertian_reflectance" title="Lambertian reflectance">Lambertian reflectance</a>, in which the light is reflected with equal <a href="Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> (in photometry) or <a href="Radiance" title="Radiance">radiance</a> (in radiometry) in all directions, as defined by <a href="Lambert's_cosine_law" title="Lambert's cosine law">Lambert's cosine law</a>.

</p><p>The light sent to our eyes by most of the objects we see is due to diffuse reflection from their surface, so that this is our primary mechanism of physical observation.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retroreflection">Retroreflection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">Retroreflector</a></div>

<p>Some surfaces exhibit <i>retroreflection</i>. The structure of these surfaces is such that light is returned in the direction from which it came.

</p><p>When flying over clouds illuminated by sunlight the region seen around the aircraft's shadow will appear brighter, and a similar effect may be seen from dew on grass. This partial retro-reflection is created by the refractive properties of the curved droplet's surface and reflective properties at the backside of the droplet.

</p><p>Some animals' <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> act as retroreflectors (see <i><a href="Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a></i> for more detail), as this effectively improves the animals' night vision. Since the lenses of their eyes modify reciprocally the paths of the incoming and outgoing light the effect is that the eyes act as a strong retroreflector, sometimes seen at night when walking in wildlands with a flashlight.

</p><p>A simple retroreflector can be made by placing three ordinary mirrors mutually perpendicular to one another (a <a href="Corner_reflector" title="Corner reflector">corner reflector</a>). The image produced is the inverse of one produced by a single mirror.

A surface can be made partially retroreflective by depositing a layer of tiny refractive spheres on it or by creating small pyramid like structures. In both cases internal reflection causes the light to be reflected back to where it originated. This is used to make traffic signs and automobile license plates reflect light mostly back in the direction from which it came. In this application perfect retroreflection is not desired, since the light would then be directed back into the headlights of an oncoming car rather than to the driver's eyes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_reflections">Multiple reflections</h3></div>

<p>When light reflects off a <a href="Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, one image appears. Two mirrors placed exactly face to face give the appearance of an infinite number of images along a straight line. The multiple images seen between two mirrors that sit at an angle to each other lie over a circle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of that circle is located at the imaginary intersection of the mirrors. A square of four mirrors placed face to face give the appearance of an infinite number of images arranged in a plane. The multiple images seen between four mirrors assembling a pyramid, in which each pair of mirrors sits an angle to each other, lie over a sphere. If the base of the pyramid is rectangle shaped, the images spread over a section of a <a href="Torus" title="Torus">torus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Note that these are theoretical ideals, requiring perfect alignment of perfectly smooth, perfectly flat perfect reflectors that absorb none of the light. In practice, these situations can only be approached but not achieved because the effects of any surface imperfections in the reflectors propagate and magnify, absorption gradually extinguishes the image, and any observing equipment (biological or technological) will interfere.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_conjugate_reflection">Complex conjugate reflection</h3></div>

<p>In this process (which is also known as phase conjugation), light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical process. Not only the direction of the light is reversed, but the actual wavefronts are reversed as well. A <a href="Phase-conjugate_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-conjugate mirror">conjugate reflector</a> can be used to remove <a href="Aberration_in_optical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration in optical systems">aberrations</a> from a <a href="Light_beam" title="Light beam">beam</a> by reflecting it and then passing the reflection through the aberrating optics a second time. If one were to look into a complex conjugating mirror, it would be black because only the photons which left the pupil would reach the pupil.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types_of_reflection">Other types of reflection</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_reflection">Neutron reflection</h3></div>

<p>Materials that reflect <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, for example <a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, are used in <a href="Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and <a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. In the physical and biological sciences, the <a href="Neutron_Reflectometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron Reflectometry">reflection of neutrons</a> off atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_reflection">Sound reflection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Acoustic_mirror" title="Acoustic mirror">Acoustic mirror</a></div>

<p>When a longitudinal <a href="Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">sound wave</a> strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound. Note that audible sound has a very wide frequency range (from 20 to about 17000 Hz), and thus a very wide range of wavelengths (from about 20 mm to 17 m). As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface. For example, porous materials will absorb some energy, and rough materials (where rough is relative to the wavelength) tend to reflect in many directions—to scatter the energy, rather than to reflect it coherently. This leads into the field of <a href="Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">architectural acoustics</a>, because the nature of these reflections is critical to the auditory feel of a space.

In the theory of exterior <a href="Noise_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise mitigation">noise mitigation</a>, reflective surface size mildly detracts from the concept of a <a href="Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">noise barrier</a> by reflecting some of the sound into the opposite direction. Sound reflection can affect the <a href="Acoustic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic space">acoustic space</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_reflection">Seismic reflection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">reflection seismology</a></div>

<p><a href="Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a> produced by <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> or other sources (such as <a href="Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>) may be reflected by layers within the <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Study of the deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes has allowed <a href="Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologists</a> to determine the layered <a href="Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">structure of the Earth</a>. Shallower reflections are used in <a href="Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">reflection seismology</a> to study the Earth's <a href="Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> generally, and in particular to prospect for <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> deposits.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_reflections">Time reflections</h3></div>

<p>Scientists have speculated that there could be time reflections. Scientists from the <a href="Advanced_Science_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Science Research Center">Advanced Science Research Center at the CUNY Graduate Center</a> report that they observed time reflections by sending broadband signals into a strip of <a href="Metamaterial" title="Metamaterial">metamaterial</a> filled with electronic switches.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "time reflections" in electromagnetic waves are discussed in a 2023 paper published in the journal <i><a href="Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Echo_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo satellite">Echo satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_principle" title="Huygens–Fresnel principle">Huygens–Fresnel principle</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">List of reflected light sources</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_refraction" title="Negative refraction">Negative refraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">Ocean surface wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_coefficient" title="Reflection coefficient">Reflection coefficient</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">Reflectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripple_tank" title="Ripple tank">Ripple tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_reflection" title="Signal reflection">Signal reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Snell's_law" title="Snell's law">Snell's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_glitter" title="Sun glitter">Sun glitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-ray_ground-reflection_model" title="Two-ray ground-reflection model">Two-ray ground-reflection model</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLekner1987" class="citation book cs1">Lekner, John (1987). <i>Theory of Reflection, of Electromagnetic and Particle Waves</i>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789024734184</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-y-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMandelstam,_L.I.1926" class="citation journal cs1">Mandelstam, L.I. (1926). "Light Scattering by Inhomogeneous Media". <i>Zh. Russ. Fiz-Khim. Ova</i>. <b>58</b>: 381.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFI._Moreno2010" class="citation journal cs1">I. Moreno (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331162520/http://fisica.uaz.edu.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/JOSA2010.pdf">"Output irradiance of tapered lightpipes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JOSA A</i>. <b>27</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1985–</span>1993. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JOSAA..27.1985M">2010JOSAA..27.1985M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.27.001985">10.1364/JOSAA.27.001985</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20808406">20808406</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5844431">5844431</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisica.uaz.edu.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/JOSA2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOrf2025" class="citation web cs1">Orf, Darren (2025-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a63979764/time-reflections-real/">"Time Reflections Are Real: What Are They, and How Do They Work?"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoussaXuYinGaliffi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Moussa, Hady; Xu, Gengyu; Yin, Shixiong; Galiffi, Emanuele; Ra’di, Younes; Alù, Andrea (2023-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07236">"Observation of temporal reflection and broadband frequency translation at photonic time interfaces"</a>. <i>Nature Physics</i>. <b>19</b> (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">863–</span>868. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.07236">2208.07236</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41567-023-01975-y">10.1038/s41567-023-01975-y</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-2473">1745-2473</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Reflection" class="extiw external" title="commons:Reflection"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Reflection</span></a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reflections" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Reflections">Reflections</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/reflect.htm">Acoustic reflection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104033155/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/reflect.htm">Archived</a> 2019-01-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qed.wikina.org/reflection/">Animations demonstrating optical reflection</a> by QED</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=1&brch=1&sim=1&cnt=1&id=0">Simulation on Laws of Reflection of Sound</a> By Amrita University</li></ul>

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